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Cat Flu: How to Identify Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

Cat flu, also known as feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR), is a highly contagious upper respiratory disease prevalent among cats. With increasing research and advancements in treatment, the recovery rate for cats with feline viral rhinotracheitis has steadily improved. Therefore, cat owners should not be overly worried when they discover that their cats have the condition. This article provides a detailed understanding of feline viral rhinotracheitis.

Cat flu is caused by viral infections, particularly by highly contagious viruses that spread rapidly among cats. The primary areas affected by feline viral rhinotracheitis are the upper respiratory tract, specifically the eyes, nose, and throat. The main viruses responsible are herpesvirus and calicivirus. These viruses are often co-infected with bacteria such as Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Bordetella bronchiseptica.

I. Why Do Cats Get Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis?

There are two primary ways a cat can contract feline viral rhinotracheitis:

1. Latent Infection: The cat already carries the virus but it remains dormant. When environmental changes occur or the cat experiences increased stress, the virus can become active and cause illness.

2. Direct Transmission: The cat is not a carrier but becomes infected through contact with other cats. The feline viral rhinotracheitis virus spreads through airborne droplets and direct contact with eye and nasal secretions from infected cats. Sharing food bowls, litter boxes, or bedding can also facilitate transmission.

II. Symptoms of Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

The symptoms of feline viral rhinotracheitis vary depending on the specific virus involved, but several common signs can indicate infection.

Herpesvirus

Herpesvirus is responsible for 80-90% of feline viral rhinotracheitis cases. Initial symptoms include:

Fever: The cat will exhibit an elevated body temperature, signaling the body’s immune response to the viral infection.

Watery Discharge: The eyes and nose will produce a clear, watery discharge. As the infection progresses, the discharge often becomes thicker and purulent.

Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane lining the eyelids and covering the white part of the eye, leading to redness, swelling, and discharge.

Sneezing: Frequent sneezing is a common symptom as the virus irritates the nasal passages.

Loss of Appetite: Due to the discomfort and congestion, the cat’s sense of smell is impaired, leading to a decreased appetite.

Calicivirus

Calicivirus, while less prevalent, can cause a wider range of symptoms:

Oral Ulcers: One of the hallmark symptoms of calicivirus is the presence of ulcers in the mouth, particularly on the tongue, gums, and palate. These ulcers can be painful and make eating difficult.

Arthritis: In some cases, calicivirus can cause joint pain and inflammation, leading to lameness and stiffness.

Pneumonia: Calicivirus can lead to pneumonia, an inflammation of the lungs, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and lethargy.

Similar Upper Respiratory Symptoms: Like herpesvirus, calicivirus also causes fever, sneezing, watery or purulent nasal and ocular discharge.

Advanced Symptoms

If left untreated, feline viral rhinotracheitis can lead to more severe symptoms:

Dehydration: Due to decreased appetite and fluid loss from nasal and ocular discharge, the cat can become dehydrated.

Corneal Ulcers: Severe conjunctivitis can lead to corneal ulcers, which are painful sores on the surface of the eye.

Breathing Difficulties: Nasal congestion and pneumonia can cause breathing difficulties, leading to open-mouth breathing and wheezing.

Anorexia: Severe loss of appetite can lead to anorexia, a complete refusal to eat, which can be life-threatening.

III. Prevention of Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

Preventing feline viral rhinotracheitis involves minimizing exposure to the virus and bolstering the cat’s immune system.

Vaccination: Vaccination is the most effective way to protect cats against feline viral rhinotracheitis. While the vaccine may not completely prevent infection, it can significantly reduce the severity of symptoms and the duration of the illness. Kittens should receive a series of vaccinations, followed by booster shots as recommended by a veterinarian.

Hygiene: Maintaining a clean environment can help reduce the spread of the virus. Regularly clean and disinfect food and water bowls, litter boxes, and bedding.

Isolation: If you have a cat with feline viral rhinotracheitis, isolate it from other cats to prevent transmission of the virus.

Minimize Stress: Stress can weaken a cat’s immune system, making it more susceptible to infection. Provide a calm and stable environment for your cat, and minimize changes in routine.

Good Nutrition: Feeding your cat a high-quality diet can help support its immune system and overall health.

IV. Treatment of Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

Treatment for feline viral rhinotracheitis typically involves a combination of supportive care and antiviral medications.

Supportive Care

Nasal and Ocular Cleaning: Gently clean the cat’s eyes and nose with a warm, damp cloth to remove discharge and prevent crusting.

Humidification: Use a humidifier to moisten the air, which can help relieve nasal congestion.

Nutritional Support: Offer highly palatable, easily digestible food to encourage the cat to eat. If the cat is not eating, syringe feeding may be necessary.

Fluid Therapy: Dehydration is a common complication of feline viral rhinotracheitis. Subcutaneous or intravenous fluids may be needed to rehydrate the cat.

Keep Warm: Maintain a comfortable and warm environment to support recovery.

Medications

Antiviral Medications: Antiviral medications, such as famciclovir or cidofovir, can help reduce the severity and duration of the infection.

Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat secondary bacterial infections.

L-Lysine: L-lysine is an amino acid that can help suppress herpesvirus replication. It is often given as a supplement.

Interferon: Interferon is an immune-modulating drug that can help boost the cat’s immune system.

Decongestants: In some cases, decongestants may be used to relieve nasal congestion. Always consult with a veterinarian before administering any medication to your cat.

When to Seek Veterinary Care

It’s crucial to seek veterinary care if your cat exhibits any of the following symptoms:

Severe breathing difficulties

Anorexia or complete refusal to eat

Lethargy or weakness

High fever

Corneal ulcers

Remember: Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a successful outcome. Delaying treatment can lead to complications and potentially life-threatening consequences.

Feline viral rhinotracheitis is a common but manageable condition in cats. By understanding the causes, symptoms, prevention strategies, and treatment options, cat owners can effectively protect their feline companions and ensure they lead healthy and happy lives.

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